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- ║ BUIL-THOUVENOT DEEP-SKY CCD ATLAS ║
- ║ Version 3.0 ║
- ╚═══════════════════════════════════╝
-
- Welcome to the Buil-Thouvenot CCD Atlas of Deep-Sky Objects!
-
- The BT-ATLAS version 3 is a unique collection of pictures representing
- some 6,600 deep-sky objects. These pictures were taken exclusively with
- CCD cameras.
-
-
- 1. INTRODUCTION -- THE CCD REVOLUTION
- ----------------------------------
-
- Charge-coupled devices, or CCDs, have been used in most professional
- observatories for about 15 years. But today, CCD fever is sweeping the
- amateur astronomy world. More and more CCD cameras are becoming
- commercially available, and their prices are continuing to decrease.
- Nowadays it is as easy to use a CCD camera as to take a picture with a
- traditional camera and film. Moreover, computers are powerful enough
- to give digital images the same appearance as photographs. The
- BT-ATLAS is the modern analog of the classical photographic atlas and,
- we think, will soon be the mandatory companion of any CCD camera user.
-
- CCDs are truly exceptional electronic detectors that outclass traditional
- photographic film in many ways. The three main advantages of CCDs are
- (1) they have very high sensitivity, typically 10 times higher than
- hypersensitized film; (2) they have no reciprocity failure, i.e., their
- sensitivity is independent of exposure time; and (3) they produce a digital
- image directly (each picture element is represented by a number),
- which allows quick digital processing to improve the results considerably.
-
-
- 2. THE BT-ATLAS
- ------------
-
- The BT-ATLAS is unique in being available in a fully digital form. Thus,
- images can be displayed by a computer (PC compatible in the present version
- of the Atlas). The BTShow, BTNovae, WinMiPS and QuickBT software packages
- allow easy and flexible exploration of the images included in the data-base.
-
- This version of the BT-ATLAS (V3.0) represents 4,649 images that include
- 6,600 identified objects (1.3 GB of uncompressed data)
-
- The BT-ATLAS is a very large data base, covering most types of deep-sky
- objects. Each type is represented by numerous examples. There are 5,002
- individual galaxies, 284 galaxy clusters, 654 open clusters, 136 globular
- clusters, 155 planetary nebulae, 279 bright diffuse nebulae, and 90 dark
- nebulae. Many of these objects have never been seen by amateur astronomers
- (or even by most professionals). With the BT-ATLAS, we move far beyond the
- classical Messier catalogue. The BT-ATLAS will open to many sky lovers a
- fantastically large and absolutely new field of observation.
-
- The images in the BT-ATLAS showcase the deep sky (i.e., nonstellar objects).
- The magnitude limit is between 18 and 21, depending on the object. Thus, what
- is seen as a pale nebulosity in the largest amateur telescope will show its
- actual form. The diversity of shapes in the universe is clearly shown here.
- Perusing the BT-ATLAS is like getting a ticket for a long and fascinating
- trip through the cosmos!
-
- For instance, the images may be used as a reference for morphological
- studies of the objects (spatial distribution of stars in globular clusters,
- faint extensions of galaxies, etc.) or to help to select objects prior to
- observing.
-
- An important aspect of the BT-ATLAS is the great number of galaxies and the
- faing limiting magnitude. The BT-ATLAS is a handy reference data-base for
- supernova research, up to magnitude 19. For example, we found SN1990n in NGC
- 4639, SN1992i in NGC 2565, and SN1996ak in NGC 5021 while we were working on
- the Atlas. We also observed SN1990h a fortnight before the official
- announcement by the California Automatic Research observers. In fact, we
- did not discover SN1990h because we had no other image to compare it with
- but ours! All the galaxy images have not yet been carefully checked, so you
- might find yourself a supernova in the present data-base.
-
- A recent example of a late discovery is in the galaxy NEW1. By carefully
- looking at two images of this galaxy taken in 1991 and in 1996 (respectively
- NEW1_1.PIC & NEW1_2.PIC), one may spot a previously overlooked supernova in
- the 1991 image!
-
- Many objects have been selected because of their astrophysical peculiarities
- (active galaxies, galaxies from the Arp catalogue, galaxy groups from the
- Hickson catalogue) and because of the potential discoveries it is possible to
- make by observing them. The most typical example is certainly the selection of
- the Herbig-Haro objects. In July 1990 we found a huge outburst of the
- protostar SVS 13 in the NGC 1333 complex.
-
- Finally, the BT-ATLAS is an overview of what is possible to observe with
- middle-size telescopes (from 50 mm up to 1000 mm) thanks to the CCD.
- Astrophotographers will find numerous examples for comparison. We hope that
- the BT-ATLAS leads many observers to use this wonderful detector.
-
-
- 3. BACKGROUND OF THE ATLAS
- -----------------------
-
- We discovered the power of CCDs in the early 1980s. At that time there
- were very few CCD cameras in the professional observatories and none in
- amateur hands. Information about CCD technology was hard to come by. Being
- amateurs, we had to find out everything for ourselves, from the hardware to
- the observation technique, including image-processing techniques. We started
- with a good old Apple II, programmed in assembly language, to drive the
- camera and process the images. Our early equipment and methods were
- described in SKY & TELESCOPE for January 1985, page 71. What a heroic
- epoch it was!
-
- Since then, good-quality CCDs have become available at a reasonable price
- ($300). At the same time, the appearance of the IBM Personal Computer and
- compatibles marked the beginning of a new era. For the first time we were
- able to capture digital images of a reasonable size (150 x 200 pixels) and
- to display them in a realistic way thanks to EGA (and later VGA) monitors.
-
- The results obtained at that time with our CCD camera were comparable to
- photography in sensitivity. There was, however, a major difference: to see
- the same object, we needed an exposure time only a tenth as long with a CCD
- as with traditional film! Then, objects considered difficult became easy to
- observe with just a few minutes of exposure time. Thus, we gradually formed
- the idea of surveying the sky. Moreover, we were eager to see everything, to
- explore with amazing ease a universe that no other amateur had seen before.
- It was possible to capture all the anonymous objects identified by a mere
- symbol in the charts of the Tirion SKY ATLAS 2000.0 -- an old dream of ours!
-
- In addition, CCD observing is exciting. Just imagine yourself sitting in
- front of a computer located a short distance from your telescope. You have
- just started a 5-minute exposure on a galaxy of 13th magnitude. On the
- computer screen the seconds marking the integration time pass one by one,
- while at the focus of your telescope each pixel of the CCD patiently catches
- the few photons coming from the faraway object. Suddenly, 5 minutes later,
- the computer screen lights up and the image of the galaxy appears distinctly.
- It is always an instant of intense emotion. We hope you feel precisely this
- emotion while you browse through the BT-ATLAS!
-
- After more time to tune our technique (larger CCDs, the design of powerful
- image-processing software) and to build an observatory dedicated to CCD
- observation, we began in early 1988 to collect the data that was to become
- the BT-ATLAS. For about five years we spent every clear night on this project.
-
-
- 4. THE OBSERVATIONS
- ----------------
-
- Christian Buil, Eric Thouvenot, and Alain Klotz have been the main observers,
- but many others brought decisive help, namely Guylaine Prat, Richard
- Szczepaniak, Patrick Roth, Olivier Zuntini, Alain Maury, Daniel Zambenedeti
- Yves Guimezanes, Jean Marie Llapasset, Didier & Stephane Morata, Bernard
- Marliere, Olivier Gadal, Thierry Legault, and Jean Montane.
-
- Approximately 75% of the Atlas images were made at the Alcyone Society
- observatory close to Toulouse (a large city in the south of France).
- The sky was bright at the site, but careful processing of the images has
- allowed us to suppress the major part of the light pollution.
-
- The main instrument is a Celestron 11 with a focal reducer that yields a
- focal ratio of 6.1 and a T500. We also used 103-mm and 128-mm Takahashi
- fluorite refractors, Epsilon 160 and CN-212 Takahashi Newtonian telescopes,
- and a Lichtenknecker flat-field camera with a 190-mm f/4 lens.
-
- Another 25% of the pictures were made at the Pic du Midi Observatory, in
- the French Pyrenees, at an altitude of 2877 meters. Here amateurs have the
- opportunity to use a 60-cm (24-inch) reflector at this wonderful observatory
- (Association T60). The instrument is a fast Newtonian reflector with an
- f/number of 3.5. The exceptional transparency of the sky at the Pic du Midi
- allowed us to observe very southerly objects, down to a declination of -42.5
- degrees (the latitude of the observatory is 43.5 degrees).
-
- A few very high-resolution images (less than 1%) were obtained with the
- 1-meter telescope of the Pic du Midi Observatory, either directly at the
- Cassegrain focus (17 meters effective focal length) or with a focal reducer
- (9 meters).
-
- Images from Southern Hemisphere were obtained from Observatoire des Maques
- on La Reunion island. Thanks to Andre Peyrot and all astronomers from the
- island who helped us to access the observatory's facilities.
-
- We added some wide-angle fields of the Milky Way, taken with an 80-mm f/2.5
- lens and a 300-mm f/4 lens.
-
- We also included in the BT-ATLAS several images taken by Thierry Legault
- (Celestron 11 + Hi-SIS22), Stephane and Didier Morata (T300, f/5.8 +
- Hi-SIS22), and Marc Rieugne (T400, f/6.5 + Hi-SIS22).
-
- We built the CCD cameras that we used. A few dozen images were secured with
- a Thomson TH7852 CCD, 145 x 218 pixels, each pixel being a 28 x 30 micron
- rectangle. But the major part of the work was done with a Thomson TH7863 CCD
- with 384 x 288 pixels, each 23 microns square.
-
- In mid-1991 we completed a new camera equipped with a professional-class CCD
- with 512 x 512 pixels, each 19 microns square. It is a Thomson TH7895M, which
- uses the MPP technique to considerably reduce dark current, one of the major
- problems faced by CCD users.
-
- In early 1994, we designed and built a prototype camera based upon a very
- attractive model: the KODAK KAF-0400 (768 x 512 pixels, each 9 microns
- square). This camera eventually became a commercial device: the Hi-SIS22.
-
- From 1995 we also used a Hi-SIS44 camera equipped with a KODAK KAF-1600
- (1,536 x 1,024 pixels) CCD.
-
- Technical details of the cameras and of the observation methods are
- thoroughly described in C. Buil's CCD ASTRONOMY (Willmann- Bell, 1991).
-
- Exposure times depended on the objects and the observational conditions. For
- instance, in Toulouse we typically needed two or three 300-second exposures
- to catch a galaxy. During the processing, these exposures were combined to
- give an image equivalent to a 10- or 15-minute exposure. For star clusters,
- 1 to 5 minutes was usually sufficient. At the Pic du Midi Observatory the
- exposure times were reduced by roughly half due to the quality of the site
- and the size of the instruments. Nevertheless, in particular cases, exposure
- times of several tens of minutes were made (galactic clusters, faint diffuse
- nebulae).
-
- The upper magnitude of the galaxy images ranges from 19 to 20 in most of
- the images (some reach magnitude 22). For the star clusters the magnitude
- limit ranges from 17 to 19.
-
- Some pictures, mainly those of diffuse nebulae, were taken using a binning
- factor of 2. This means pairing consecutive pixels along the two axes of the
- image on the chip, resulting in "super-pixels" equivalent to 2 x 2 physical
- pixels. The spatial resolution is therefore reduced by half along each axis,
- but the sensitivity is increased by a factor of 4.
-
- Almost all the images were all shot without a filter. Thus, the recorded
- spectral domain is the silicon one, ranging from 400 to 1000 nm, with a
- maximum sensitivity around 700 nm (7000 angstroms). Consequently, the real
- color of the images is deep red. This could explain some discrepancies seen
- when comparing the BT-ATLAS with photographic images, which are often more
- blue-sensitive. The main consequence of using this spectral domain is the
- relatively weak contrast within spiral arms of the galaxies (this contrast is
- more visible in blue light because the arms are traced out by hot stars).
-
- Some diffuse-nebula and planetary-nebula images were recorded through an
- R filter, in order to isolate roughly the hydrogen-alpha line and to reduce
- the stellar background.
-
- This Atlas represents a LOT of bytes of data. Taking into account the image
- exposures and the calibration images (flat field, dark frame, offset frame),
- we made about 70,000 CCD exposures to contruct the BT-ATLAS. This represents
- about 40 gigabytes of raw data!
-
-
- 5. THE SELECTION OF OBJECTS
- ------------------------
-
- Before starting the observations we spent a few months selecting the
- objects. Our main tools were SKY CATALOGUE 2000.0, Vol. 2. and the
- Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS), which we had the opportunity to
- consult at the Toulouse Observatory. We also used some special catalogues
- such as Arp's PECULIAR GALAXY CATALOGUE and Abell's CATALOGUE OF GALAXY
- CLUSTERS.
-
- The selection criteria were initially simple: (1) all star clusters must
- have a real existence (some are not worth a detour since they are very
- dilute); (2) diffuse nebulae must be dense enough on the red plate of the
- POSS, but not too large because of the small field of view of CCDs (about
- 15 arc-minutes); (3) planetary nebulae must be larger than 20 arcseconds
- and actually visible on the POSS; (4) dark nebulae must be dense; and
- (5) galaxies must have at least one axis greater than 2.5 arcminutes.
- In addition, we included the 200 most beautiful galaxy clusters in the sky
- (for which the magnitude of the 10th-brightest galaxy is greater than 16)
- and some very distant but rich clusters (with more than 150 galaxies).
-
- At the beginning, we had selected nearly 2,500 objects. In the meantime,
- careful scans through the POSS to find some particular objects and the
- analysis of the abundant documentation to isolate objects with interesting
- astrophysical characteristics brought the list up to more than 5,000 objects.
- In the last year we also added some galaxies that were not very remarkable
- with respect to their size. We thought that by making some small groups
- visible within one single image, it might be possible to discover a supernova.
-
- The BT-ATLAS does not claim to be exhaustive and in any case cannot be. The
- number of galaxies is essentially infinite anyway. Our goal was to be as
- complete as possible, as far as amateur instruments are concerned. Our
- pleasure was to find objects of interest seldom observed rather than wasting
- time on standard objects such as the Great Nebula in Orion.
-
-
- 6. THE BT-ATLAS ORGANIZATION
- -------------------------
-
- The images are in a proprietary format: the PIC format. This format
- can incorporate either compressed or uncompressed data. For this CD-ROM
- edition of the BT-ATLAS, we used the compressed format, since the
- uncompressed format would not allow us to save all the images on one disc.
-
- You will find in the QBT directory of the CD-ROM conversion tools that
- allow you to convert the images from one format to another, especially to
- the FITS format which is widely used in astronomy:
-
- PIC2CPS.EXE : conversion from uncompressed PIC format to compressed PIC
- format
- CPS2PIC.EXE : conversion from compressed PIC format to uncompressed PIC
- format
- PIC2FITS.EXE : conversion from uncompressed PIC format to FITS format
- FITS2PIC.EXE : conversion from FITS format to uncompressed PIC format
- SBIG2PIC.EXE : conversion from images SBIG (ST4, STX, ST5, ST6, ST8)
- to uncompressed PIC format
-
- Pixels are coded with signed 16-bit integers (i.e. levels between -32768 and
- 32767).
-
- The only processing on the images is the classical preprocessing of any CCD
- image: substracting the offset and the dark signal, and dividing by the
- flat-field. When several images from the same object were made, they were
- carefully registered and then added. That's it.
-
- No image from the BT-ATLAS was processed with filters like low-pass filters
- (to reduce noise) or unsharp masks (to enhance contrast) or deconvolution
- (to increase resolution). This point is very important since it means that
- images may be used for some astrometric or photometric work.
-
- Of course, you may process these images as you like!
-
- Images are listed according to right ascension. Sometimes, several images
- of the same object exist. In that case, images are named with an underscore
- convention (e.g. N7331_1.PIC & N7731_2.PIC).
-
- An information text file is associated with each image (with a .INF
- extension). It contains information about the objects and the telescope used
- to obtain the image. The instruments are described according to the
- following list:
-
- T1000: 100-cm telescope of Pid du Midi + Thomson TH7852 CCD camera
-
- T600 : 60-cm telescope of Pic du Midi - f/3.5 (Association T60)
- + Thomson TH7863 CCD camera (2.2"/pixel) or Kodak KAF-0400
- CCD camera (1.8"/pixel)
-
- T500 : 50-cm telescope of Association Alcyone - f/3.5
- + Thomson TH7883 CCD camera (2.2"/pixel)
-
- T280 : Celestron 11 + Thomson TH7863 CCD camera (2.8"/pixel)
-
- T200 : Celestron 8 + Thomson TH7852 CCD camera (4.7"/pixel)
-
- T210 : Takahashi Mewlon 210 telescope - f/12 + Kodak KAF-0400 CCD camera
-
- T190 : Flat-field-camera Lichtenknecker F=760 mm - f/4.0
- + Kodak KAF-1600 CCD camera (2.4"/pixel for 1x1 binning)
-
- T160 : Takahashi Epsilon 160 (f/3.3) telescope + Kodak KAF-0400 CCD camera
- (3.5"/pixel for 1x1 binning)
-
- T212 : Takahashi CN-212 (f/3.9) telescope + Kodak KAF-0400 CCD camera
- (2.3"/pixel for binning 1x1 and 4.5"/pixel for 2x2 binning)
-
- 5-inch refractor : 128-mm fluorite Takahashi refractor + focal reductor
- + Kodak KAF-1600 CCD camera (2.5"/pixel for 1x1 binning)
-
- 4-inch refractor : 102-mm fluorite Takahashi refractor + focal reductor
- + Kodak KAF-0400 CCD camera (3.1"/pixel for 1x1 binning)
-
- INF files sometimes contain pixel coordinates of objects contained in the
- image. This allows activation of "hot-spots" that allow you to identify
- objects.
-
- The CATALOG directory contains the data-base BT.CAT and index files (.IND
- extension) that allow you to quickly access any object in the Atlas.
-
-
- 7. ADD YOUR OWN IMAGES TO THE ATLAS
- --------------------------------
-
- It is easy to add lines to the file BT.CAT that describe your own images.
- Once you have done so, yo have to run the MAKECAT.EXE program (in the
- CATALOG directory), which will re-create all the IND files.
-
- The file BT.CAT contains the following data:
-
- Column 1 : catalog #1
- Column 2 : catalog #2
- Column 3 : catalog #3
- Column 4 : Messier number
- Column 5 : Right ascension (2000.0)
- Column 6 : Declination (2000.0)
- Column 7 : Object type
-
- OC : Open Cluster
- GC : Globular Cluster
- PN : Planetary Nebula
- N : Bright Nebula
- DN : Dark Nebula
- G : Galaxy
- CG : Cluster of galaxies
-
- Column 8 : Chart number in Sky 2000.0 containing the object
- Column 9 : Chart number in Uranometria containing the object
- Column 10: Image filename
-
- Online manuals for QBT and WinMiPS contain information about how to
- organize your images in order to be included in the Atlas.
-
-
- 8. ABBREVIATIONS OF CATALOGUES USED IN THE BT-ATLAS
- ------------------------------------------------
-
- ABE : Abell
- ABES : South Abell
- AM : Arp-Madore
- ARP : Arp
- BAR : Barnard
- BAS : Basel
- BE : Berkeley
- BIU : Biurakan
- CED : Cederblad
- CL : Clusters of galaxies
- COHEN : Cohen
- CR : Collinder
- CZ : Czernik
- DDO : David Dunlap Observatory
- DG : Dorschner-Gurtler
- DO : Dolidze
- DOD : Dolidze-Dzimselejsvili
- DWB : Dickel-Wendker-Bieritz
- GUM : Gum
- HARO : Haro
- HH : Herbig-Haro
- HICKSON : Hickson
- HP : Haute-Provence
- I (or IC) : Index Catalogue
- K : King
- LBN : Lynds Catalogue of Bright Nebulae
- LDN : Lynds Catalogue of Dark Nebulae
- LHA : Lick H-alpha
- M (MESSIER): Messier
- MAFFEI : Maffei
- MCG : Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies
- MEL : Melotte
- MRK : Markarian
- MRSL : Marsalkova
- NEW : New
- N (NGC) : New General Catalogue
- OCL : Open Cluster
- PAL : Palomar
- PK : Perek & Kohoutek
- RU : Ruprecht
- SH2 : Sharpless
- SL : Sandqvist and Lindroos
- ST : Stock
- TER : Terzan
- TOM : Tombaugh
- TR : Trumpler
- UA : Catalogue of selected non-UGC Galaxies
- U (UGC) : Uppsala General Catalogue
- VDB : van den Bergh
- VV : Vorontsov-Velyaminov
- ZWG : Zwicky Galaxy
-
- We wish you a lot of pleasure in exploring the deep sky with the BT-ATLAS!
-
- Christian BUIL & Eric THOUVENOT
- Toulouse, November 1997
-
-